Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Pasay City

COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 2. 0 2. 1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Geography, Location and Area The city of Pasay is located in the western coast of Metro Manila or the National Capital Region (NCR). It is bounded in the north by the city of Manila, in the northeast by the city of Makati and the municipality of Taguig, in the west by the city of Paranaque, and in the west by the Manila Bay (See Figure 2. 1). The city is located approximately at latitude 14? 32†² and longitude 121? 00†². In terms of area, Pasay is the third smallest political subdivision among the cities and municipalities of NCR.The area distribution of the city per Barangay is shown in Table 2. 1. Table 2. 1 Area Distribution (in Hectares) Brgy. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 Area 1. 48 4. 37 1. 84 2. 89 1. 53 1. 47 2. 58 1. 94 1. 43 2. 99 1. 82 1. 89 13. 95 2. 48 3. 61 1. 3 0 1. 69 4. 61 1. 10 2. 25 1. 78 0. 56 4. 14 2. 44 2. 16 1. 86 1. 90 3. 82 1. 88 1. 18 2. 80 2. 97 5. 88 2. 93 3. 56 4. 43 4. 56 8. 40 5. 53 5. 53 4. 20 2. 66 1. 69 5. 94 2. 73 3. 90 1. 80 Percent to Total (%) 0. 08 0. 24 0. 10 0. 16 0. 08 0. 08 0. 14 0. 11 0. 08 0. 17 0. 10 0. 10 0. 7 0. 14 0. 20 0. 07 0. 09 0. 26 0. 06 0. 12 0. 10 0. 03 0. 23 0. 14 0. 12 0. 10 0. 11 0. 21 0. 10 0. 07 0. 16 0. 16 0. 33 0. 16 0. 20 0. 25 0. 25 0. 47 0. 31 0. 31 0. 23 0. 15 0. 09 0. 33 0. 15 0. 22 0. 10 Brgy. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 Area 2. 26 2. 37 1. 01 1. 94 2. 25 1. 01 0. 91 4. 31 3. 79 3. 55 0. 40 0. 49 2. 18 1. 15 4. 45 2. 81 1. 83 1. 56 1. 24 6. 12 1. 02 1. 47 6. 06 3. 30 9. 34 50. 45 4. 22 3. 33 4. 20 2. 64 1. 62 0. 71 2. 11 1. 31 3. 88 1. 56 1. 22 3. 19 1. 24 2. 00 1. 73 2. 28 2. 79 2. 91 2. 51 2. 26 4. 9 Percent to Total (%) 0. 13 0. 13 0. 06 0. 11 0. 12 0. 06 0. 05 0. 24 0. 2 1 0. 20 0. 02 0. 03 0. 12 0. 06 0. 25 0. 16 0. 10 0. 09 0. 07 0. 34 0. 06 0. 08 0. 34 0. 18 0. 52 2. 79 0. 23 0. 18 0. 23 0. 15 0. 09 0. 04 0. 12 0. 07 0. 22 0. 09 0. 07 0. 18 0. 07 0. 11 0. 10 0. 13 0. 15 0. 16 0. 14 0. 13 0. 24 Brgy. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 148 Area 1. 09 1. 11 1. 42 2. 51 0. 91 1. 13 2. 24 2. 82 0. 90 1. 78 1. 50 1. 41 2. 84 2. 38 2. 12 2. 35 1. 38 2. 26 2. 64 2. 88 2. 02 0. 99 0. 91 2. 4 2. 37 1. 22 2. 90 2. 26 1. 21 2. 82 2. 28 2. 73 2. 82 1. 23 4. 04 3. 05 2. 52 1. 29 1. 33 1. 10 1. 69 1. 11 5. 88 7. 02 6. 65 3. 33 9. 83 Percent to Total (%) 0. 06 0. 06 0. 08 0. 14 0. 05 0. 06 0. 12 0. 16 0. 05 0. 10 0. 08 0. 08 0. 16 0. 13 0. 12 0. 13 0. 08 0. 12 0. 15 0. 16 0. 11 0. 05 0. 05 0. 15 0. 13 0. 07 0. 16 0. 13 0. 07 0. 16 0. 13 0. 15 0. 16 0. 07 0. 22 0. 17 0. 14 0. 07 0. 07 0. 06 0. 09 0. 06 0. 33 0. 39 0. 37 0. 18 0. 54 Brgy. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 198 Area 2. 4 4. 10 1. 64 0. 94 1. 52 2. 23 1. 93 1. 93 2. 95 1. 69 5. 46 3. 10 2. 23 1. 37 7. 13 2. 12 1. 38 2. 16 3. 07 1. 46 3. 05 3. 65 1. 41 2. 44 1. 52 2. 25 4. 48 3. 58 7. 05 46. 20 2. 34 9. 69 543. 89 8. 63 18. 31 2. 88 16. 62 8. 79 2. 67 60. 81 45. 60 18. 81 13. 99 4. 87 3. 85 2. 83 18. 09 Percent to Total (%) 0. 16 0. 23 0. 09 0. 05 0. 08 0. 12 0. 11 0. 11 0. 16 0. 09 0. 30 0. 17 0. 12 0. 08 0. 40 0. 12 0. 08 0. 12 0. 17 0. 08 0. 17 0. 20 0. 08 0. 14 0. 08 0. 12 0. 25 0. 20 0. 39 2. 56 0. 13 0. 54 30. 13 0. 48 1. 01 0. 16 0. 92 0. 49 0. 15 3. 37 2. 53 1. 04 0. 78 0. 27 0. 21 0. 16 1. 00The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 1 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 49 50 4. 02 0. 95 0. 22 0. 05 99 100 1. 88 3. 38 0. 10 0. 19 149 1 50 1. 19 1. 89 0. 07 0. 10 Area of Barangays 1 to 201 Reclamation Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex TOTAL AREA 199 200 201 1,399. 50 213. 66 191. 95 1,805. 11 5. 25 4. 81 33. 75 0. 29 0. 27 1. 87 77. 53 11. 84 10. 63 100. 00 The city has a total area of 1,805. 11 hectares. The city proper or Barangays 1 to 201 occupies around 1,399. 50 hectares or 77. 53 percent the total area. The Cultural Center Complex occupies around 191. 5 hectares (10. 63%) while the rest of the reclamation area covers an area of 213. 66 hectares (11. 84 %). The Barangay Map is shown in Figure 2. 2. 2. 2 Geology Pasay consists of two terrain units, an eastern undulating section and a western alluvial portion, which extends into the Manila Bay. The undulating to gently sloping terrain is underlain by a gently dipping sequence of pyroclastic rocks essentially made up of tuffs, tuffaceous sandstones and conglomerates belonging to the Guadalupe formation. This formation is represented by massive to thickl y bedded lithic tuff and tuffaceous sandstone.Based on the Geologic Map of Pasay (Figure 2. 3), the two major geologic formations are: Quarternary Alluvial (QA1) which is comprised of detrital deposits mostly silt, sand and gravel; and Guadalupe formation (GF) of which the upper member (Diliman Tuff) is thin to medium bedded, fine-grained, vitric tuffs and welded volcanic breccias with subordinate amounts of tuffaceous, fine to medium grained sandstone. Members of the Pleistocene Guadalupe Formation underlie almost half of the terrain where Pasay lies. These are mainly Alat Conglomerate and Diliman Tuff.Early Pleistocene to late Pleistocene conglomerate, silty mudstone and tuffaceous sandstone comprise the lower member while late Pleistocene wellbedded tuff units make up the upper member. The constituents of the Diliman Tuff were most likely derived from a volcano on the central lobe of Laguna de Bay to the south based on its aerial distribution pattern and lithological similarity w ith those in the northern vicinity of the central lobe of Laguna de Bay. On the other hand, Quartenary alluvial deposits of the Marikina Alluvial plain and Pasig River Delta plain cover western areas of the city.The presence of the marine sediments suggest that the quartenary alluvium was probably deposited after uplift of the Guadalupe formation. 2. 3 Physiography Metro Manila's physiography is divided into six zones namely, the Manila Bay, the Coastal Margin, the Guadalupe Plateau, the Marikina Valley, the Laguna lowlands and the Laguna de Bay. Pasay City belongs to the Coastal Margin or the low lying flat strip of land east of Manila Bay with an elevation of less than 5 meters above mean sea level. This zone also occupies portions of Valenzuela, The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. ov. ph 2 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Malabon, Caloocan, Navotas, Manila, Paranaque, Las Pinas and the reclaimed portion of Manila Bay 2. 4 Topography, Ele vation and Slope The western part of Pasay City is level to nearly level while its southeastern part is gently sloping to gently undulating. It is characterized by coastal plains along the Manila Bay in the west and sloping areas extending in the south-east direction. Surface elevations range from 2 meters above the mean sea level on the coastal plains and 24 meters on the southeast part of the city. . 5 Land and Associated Soil Characteristics As per Metro Manila Land Resource Evaluation Project by BSWM, Pasay has the following land and soil characteristics (Figure 2. 4): Active Tidal Flats (Coastal Landscape) Active tidal flats, with an almost flat relief, have an elevation that ranges from 0 to 1. 5 meters, sometimes reaching up to 3 meters above the mean sea level. This land system has very poor drainage characteristics. Waterlogged areas may pose a corrosion problem to underground uncoated steel pipes or structural reinforcement.Poor drainage is also a problem in sewage disposa l in areas which are not served by public sewer facilities. It is further characterized by slow permeability, high compressibility, and possible flooding during seasonal high water table. Soil texture or the different sizes of particles in the soil mass are clay, silty clay, and sandly clay loam. The parent materials of this land classification are tidal mudflats with muck and peat locally, alluvial sediments. Former Tidal Flats (Coastal Landscape) The former tidal flats consist of areas more inland and slightly higher than the active tidal flats.They occupy the almost flat plains, backswamps and depression of the coastal landscape formed from marine and flovio-marine deposits. Slightly lower then the alluvial plain, its elevation ranges from 2 to 5 meters. It has slow to moderate permeability and a soil texture of clay to silty clay loam. Moreover, it is poorly drained, prone to moderate seasonal flooding, highly compressible, and corrosive to uncoated steel. Its parent materials a re alluvial sediments, former tidal mudflats underlain with peaty and mucky materials. . Water Resources Characteristics 2. . 1 Surface Waters 2. 6 Pasay City is bounded in the west by Manila Bay. It is traversed by two minor rivers that feed the Paranaque River namely the Estero de Tripa de Gallina and Maricaban Creek. The city lies within the Manila Bay Watershed area. The bay has a catchment area of about 17,000 square kilometers that is made up of about eight river basins, nearest of which to the city is the Paranaque-Las Pinas river basin. This river basin is subsequently made up of three major rivers, the Paranaque, Las Pinas and Zapote Rivers.These river systems essentially serve about 1,500 hectares of low-lying areas along the Manila Bay and functions as 3 The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE the principal drainage channel of the area. The geomorphic setting of these lowlying areas and the hy draulic action of the Manila Bay basin and the South China Sea make the area vulnerable to flooding, a condition aggravated by the inadequate capacity and poor maintenance of the drainage facilities. 2. 6. 2 GroundwaterPasay is situated on a delta which has produced locally-confined aquifers. Groundwater utilization, however, has resulted in significant draw-down causing much land subsidence and saline water intrusion particularly in the coastal areas. The groundwater basin contains several connected and interrelated aquifers, composed of tuffaceous sandstone and conglomerates belonging to the Guadalupe Formation. These facets of Guadalupe Formation in the southeastern part of the city have thickness of approximately 1,300 to 1,200 meters. Recharge to the aquifers comes from rainfall and inflow from the extension of these aquifers.However, these are already over exploited due to uncontrolled pumping and excessive underwater withdrawal, a practice done principally by high-density res idential, commercial and industrial establishments. This situation leads to a partial depletion of the aquifers resulting in the lowering of water levels and high pumping costs. Almost 2000 wells have been drilled in the aquifers of the Guadalupe Formation for the commercial and residential users. Some of these wells go as deep as 300 meters. In 1990, total pumpage reached 339. 6 million cubic meters. 2. 6. 3 Water QualityAvailable data from government agencies such as the DENR-EMB have indicated that the near-the-shore waters of Manila Bay, together with the major rivers in Metro Manila, are considered biologically dead. The water quality in Manila Bay has progressively deteriorated due to domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes being dumped uncontrollably in the waterways. This present state is likewise being attributed to inadequate drainage facilities and the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater due to inadequate wastewater collection, treatment and dis posal facilities.Based on the sampling conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in each month of the year 2000, water quality as per dissolved oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the total suspended solid level in various stations of the Paranaque-Zapote River are shown in the following tables. Two stations were located within Pasay City, Tramo and MIA Road. Table 2. 3 Annual Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) in the Paranaque-Zapote River System, 2000 Station Tramo MIA Road La Huerta Paranaque Zapote Quirino Monthly Ave. Standard, mg/L Location Tramo, Pasay City MIA Rd. Pasay City Paranaque City Paranaque City Las Pinas City Paranaque City Jan NS NS NS NS NS NS NA 5 Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0. 21 NS 0. 0 0 0. 1 0. 9 1. 3 1. 2 0 NS 0 0. 06 NS 3. 8 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 1. 0 0 NS 0. 0 0. 51 NS 12. 0 0 4. 0 13. 4 0. 0 2. 8 0 NS 0 4. 89 NS 3. 6 0 1. 0 9. 5 4. 0 5. 4 0 NS 4. 2 0. 1 NS 0. 0 0 0. 8 9. 4 1. 2 1. 6 0 NS 0 NS NS 12. 0 0 2. 0 11. 4 0. 0 0. 6 0 NS 0. 0 1. 15 NA 5. 2 0 1. 3 7. 4 1. 1 2. 1 0 NA 0. 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Annual 0. 4 0. 5 3. 6 3. 6 1. 5 3. 3 2. 1 5 The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 4 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILETable 2. 4 Annual BOD (mg/L) in the Paranaque-Zapote River System, 2000 Paranaque Tramo MIA Road La Huerta Paranaque Zapote Quirino Monthly Ave. Standard, mg/L Location Tramo, Pasay City MIA Rd. , Pasay City Paranaque City Paranaque City Las Pinas City Paranaque City Jan NS NS NS NS NS NS NA 10 Feb 10 17 16 7 30 NS 16 10 Mar NS NS NS NS NS NS NA 10 Apr May Jun July Aug Sep 15 32 17 26 23 6 15 38 12 17 32 10 11 39 16 13 32 4 22 29 17 26 33 13 32 39 5 12 16 8 3 23 14 12 33 2 16 33 14 18 28 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 Oct 23 23 27 14 21 23 22 10 Nov Dec Annual NS 17 19 NS 13 20 NS 20 20 NS 10 19 NS 33 22 NS 15 16 NA 18 19 10 10 10Table 2. 5 Annual Total Suspended Solid Levels in the Paranaque-Zapote River System, 2000 Paranaque Tramo MIA Road La Huer ta Paranaque Zapote Quirino Monthly Ave. Location Jan Feb Tramo, Pasay City NS 20 MIA Rd. , Pasay City NS 20 Paranaque City NS 30 Paranaque City NS 20 Las Pinas City NS 30 Paranaque City NS NS NA 21 Mar NS NS NS NS NS NS NA Apr May Jun July Aug Sep 20 10 10 20 30 40 80 30 20 30 30 40 100 30 10 30 20 30 70 30 20 20 30 30 60 20 10 70 30 30 50 10 20 50 40 40 63 22 15 37 30 35 Oct 40 40 40 30 30 30 35 Nov Dec Annual NS 30 24 NS 20 34 NS 40 37 NS 20 30 NS 40 36 NS 20 33 NA 28 32The sampling results show that dissolved oxygen levels in the two Pasay stations are way below the standards while the BOD concentrations are way above standard. 2. 7 Atmospheric Characteristic From the nearest PAGASA station at Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), climatological data from 1950-1995 were obtained. Tables 2. 6 and 2. 7 show some of the significant data. 2. 7. 1 Climate The climate of Pasay is classified as Type 1 under the Corona classification used by Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) depending on rainfall pattern.It is characterized by two pronounced seasons: rainy season from May to October and dry season from January to April, when rainfall drops to 10-30-mm/ month. In general, Metro Manila is directly influenced by an average of 2 to 3 tropical cyclones per year. 2. 7. 2 Rainfall The PAGASA station recorded an annual rainfall amount of 1,149. 2 mm with a total of 113 rainy days between the years 1961-1995. The rainy months of May – October indicated monthly rainy days of 7- 20 with the month of July recording the highest at 20. The highest amount of rainfall for the period 1949-1995 was 427. mm recorded on February 1,1962. 2. 7. 3 Temperature Pasay has an average normal annual temperature of 27. 5  °C. The warmest months are April, May and June while the coldest months are December, January and February with the minimum temperature of 25-26 °C. The highest 5 The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay . gov. ph COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE temperature was recorded on May 18,1969 at 38. 1 °C while the lowest was recorded at 14. 6 °C on February 1, 1962. 2. 7. 4 Relative Humidity Relative humidity or the percentages of water vapor in the air ranges, in onthly values, from 66% to 81% with an annual average of 75%. These values indicate that Pasay is relatively humid. 2. 7. 5 Wind Speed and Direction The annual prevailing wind direction in the area is towards the east. The average annual wind speed is 3. 0 meters per second (mps). High wind speed occurs in March to April while low wind speed happens in September to November. The highest wind speed of 56 mps was recorded on November 14, 1977, going in a western direction. The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 6 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Table 2. Climatological Normals Month January February March April May June July August September October November December ANNUAL Source: Note: Rainfall Amount 8. 5 2. 9 6. 2 13. 2 101. 6 244. 5 363. 0 414. 1 309. 0 221. 4 121. 1 43. 7 1849. 2 No. of Rainy Days 2 1 2 2 7 15 18 20 17 13 10 6 113 Temperature ( °C) Max 30. 3 31. 2 32. 7 34. 3 34. 2 32. 5 31. 3 30. 8 31. 0 31. 1 31. 0 30. 3 31. 7 Min 20. 9 21. 2 22. 4 24. 0 24. 9 24. 5 24. 1 24. 0 24. 0 23. 5 22. 8 21. 7 23. 2 Mean Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Dew Point VP (mbs) 25. 6 25. 3 21. 9 20. 5 23. 9 26. 2 26. 0 22. 0 20. 3 23. 7 27. 6 27. 4 22. 8 21. 0 24. 6 29. 29. 0 24. 0 22. 1 26. 4 29. 6 29. 3 24. 9 23. 4 28. 4 28. 5 28. 2 25. 0 23. 9 29. 5 27. 7 27. 4 24. 7 23. 7 29. 2 27. 4 27. 0 24. 7 23. 9 29. 5 27. 5 27. 1 24. 8 24. 0 29. 7 27. 3 27. 0 24. 3 23. 3 28. 5 26. 9 26. 6 23. 6 22. 5 27. 1 26. 0 25. 7 22. 7 21. 5 25. 5 27. 5 27. 2 23. 8 22. 5 27. 2 Relative MSL PRESS. Humidity (mbs) 74 70 67 66 70 77 80 83 83 80 78 77 75 1013. 5 1013. 5 1012. 7 1011. 2 1009. 4 1008. 8 1008. 3 1008. 1 1008. 9 1009. 7 1011. 0 1012. 6 1010. 6 Wind Speed an d Direction Direction Speed E 3 E 4 E 4 E 4 E 4 W 3 W 3 W 3 W 2 E 2 E 2 E 3 E 3 Cloud Cover (Octa) 4 4 3 3 5 6 6 7 7 6 5 5 5Days TSTM 0 0 0 1 7 11 12 9 11 9 2 0 59 With LTNG 0 0 1 4 16 16 16 10 15 10 3 1 92 PAGASA Station at 429-NAIA (MIA), Pasay City, located at 14 °31’N latitude and 121 °01’ longitude with elevation 21. 0 m from period 1961-1995. Table 2. 7 Climatological Extremes Month January February March April May June July August September October November December ANNUAL Period of Record Source: Notes: High 35. 8 34. 8 36. 5 37. 8 38. 1 38 36 35. 2 34. 9 36 35. 8 34. 2 38. 1 Daily Highest Rainfall (mm) Temperature ( °C) Date Low Date Amount Date 7-89 14. 8 18-61 55. 3 3-70 28-80 14. 6 1-62 16. 5 27-50 30-78 16 3-63 35. 12-71 23-48 19. 4 17-68 63 4-92 18-69 19. 1 11-50 229. 1 27-60 2-91 20 22-54 316. 8 27-85 6-91 18. 3 28-48 472. 4 20-72 29-89 17. 4 9-49 401. 8 10-47 9-79 19. 1 15-50 228. 8 8-63 24-76 18 23-81 274. 5 9-78 17-72 17. 2 26-49 121. 7 14-77 28 -79 16. 3 18-55 110. 5 30-50 5-18 14. 6 2-1 1962 472. 4 7-20 1972 1969 1947-1995 1949-1995 Speed 20 20 26 20 31 36 36 30 26 27 56 25 56 Wind (mps) Direction E-NE E E E SW S W WSW NW W W NW W 1950-1995 Date 12-86 28-88 29-92 6-86 22-76 29-64 8-86 16-84 27-78 18-85 19-70 30-50 11-19 1970 High 1,022. 30 1021. 4 1021. 1 1019. 9 1015. 9 1015. 9 1014. 9 1015. 2 1015. 2 1017 1019. 1020. 9 1022. 3 Sea Level Pressure Date Low 27-87 1004. 4 1-62 1005. 0 2-87 1004. 7 23-87 1003. 8 9-57 992. 2 6-66 974. 2 7-53 994. 2 12-58 992. 8 20-65 988. 9 25-86 977. 9 3-89 899. 4 8-60 996. 2 1-27 899. 4 1978 1950-1995 Date 1-50 15-52 8-84 25-71 17-89 29-64 15-83 24-78 30-95 14-70 3-95 15-64 11-3 1995 PAGASA *Station at 429-NAIA (MIA), Pasay City, located at 14 °31’N latitude and 121 °01’ longitude with elevation 21. 0 m from period 1961-1995. *No record for the period 1941-1945 The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 7 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 2. 8Air Quality Pasay City is already experiencing a deterioration of its air quality. This may be attributed to the congestion of people, improperly maintained vehicles servicing them, and the significant percentage of pollutive firms with inadequate air pollution control devices and facilities operating within the area. The National Ambient Air Quality and Noise Standards are prescribed in Table 2. 8 and Table 2. 9 respectively. Table 2. 8 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Pollutants *POLLUTANTS (a) 1. Ammonia 2. Carbon Disulfide 3. Chlorine and Chlorine compounds expressed as Cl2 4.Formal dehyde CONCENTRATION (c) ug/Ncm 200 30 100 ppm 0. 28 0. 01 0. 03 AVERAGING TIME (min) 30 30 5 METHOD OF ANALYSIS/ MEASUREMENT (b) Nesselcrization/Indo Phenol Tischer Method Methyl Orange 50 0. 04 30 5. Hydrogen Chloride 6. Hydrogen Sulfide 7. Lead 8. Nitrogen Oxide 9. Phenol 10. Sulfur Dioxide 11. Suspended particulate Matter – TSP PM – 10 200 100 20 375 260 100 470 340 300 200 0. 13 0. 07 0. 2 0. 14 0. 03 0. 18 0. 13 30 30 30 30 60 30 30 60 60 60 Chromotrophic acid method or MBTH-Colorimetric method Volhard Titration with Iodine solution Methylene Blue b AAS Griess-Saltzmans 4-Amineantipyrine Colorimetric- PararosanilineGravimetric -do- Table 2. 9 DENR Standards for Noise in General Areas, dB(A) AREA Schools/hospitals Residential Commercial Light Industrial Heavy Industrial DAYTIME 50 60 65 70 75 MORNING/EVENING 45 50 60 65 70 NIGHTTIME 40 45 55 60 60 2. 9 Geologic and other Natural Hazards No traced earthquake fault line traverses the city of Pasay. However, the city is not spared from other related geologic hazards such as tsunamis, ground shaking, and liquefaction. Tsunamis are giant sea waves generated by under the sea earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Not all submarine earthquakes, however, can cause the occurrence of tsunamis.Tsunamis can only occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough (M 7. 0) to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the water over it (PHIVOLCS). The coastal area of Pasay City is among the most hit by tsunamis and have a high potential for future tsunamis. Typhoons and their associated hazards, such as strong winds, storm surges, and floods, are among the most recurrent and damaging calamities our country is The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 8 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE prone to.Some 20 typhoons pass the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) every year. These are most frequent during the months of May to December with peak occurrences in the month of November. Of the total 325 typhoons recorded to have crossed the PAR from 1948 to 1978, about 20 passed through Metro Manila. One of these, Typhoon Yoling, was the most severe, registering a maximum wind speed of 200 kph and bringing 24-hour rainfall on the Metropolis. Residential areas, infrastructure, power systems, and other utility installations experienced heavy damages, some of which took months to restore. . 10 Environmental Management 2. 10. 1 Water Management To address the countrywide water crisis which adversely affects the health and well being of the population, food production and industrialization process, the National Water Crisis Act of 1995 was enacted. Some of the issues related to the water crises are: water supply, water distribution, financing aspects, privatization of state-run water facilities, the protection and conservation of watersheds, and pilferage of water, including the serious matter of graft and corruption in all the water agencies. . 10. 2 Air Quality Management The Clean Air Act of 1999 recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based, thus, a local government concern. In terms of air quality management, it stipulates that: LGUs shall share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air quality within their territorial jurisdicti on. LGUs shall implement air quality standards set by the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) in areas within their jurisdiction.Provided, however, that in cases where the board has not been duly constituted and has not promulgated its standards, the standards set forth in this Act shall apply. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall provide the LGUs with technical assistance, training and a continuing capabilitybuilding program to prepare them to undertake full administration of the air quality management and regulation within their territorial jurisdiction. The LGU, for one, is responsible for attaining and maintaining the ambient air quality standards within their respective airsheds.The designation of airsheds shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospe cts or problems. The DENR bases such ambient air quality standards on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, but shall not be limited to nor be less stringent than such standards. The initial lists and values of the hazardous air pollutants are provided in the DENR mandate.The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 9 COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 2. 10. 3 Land Management All the barangays of the city have Cadastral Maps which are being used for taxation and other legal purposes. On the other hand, prior to this undertaking, a Zoning Ordinance in 1981 was being used to guide developments and land uses in the city. 2. 10. 4 Solid Waste Management (SWM) At present, the city of Pasay disposes of its solid waste in the San Mateo Sanitary Landfill and the Payatas dumpsite.As per a JICA study on Solid Waste Management for Metro Manila involving government agencies such as DECS, DENR and MMDA, Pasay City along with Taguig, Pateros and the c ity of Makati shall be accommodated in the proposed Transfer Station within Fort Bonifacio and then dumped in an inland landfill site to be later specified. (Figure 2. 5 refers) All barangays are covered by solid waste collection, which is handled by the local government and private contractors. Solid wastes are collected daily on main thoroughfares and every other day in the rest of the city. However, the collection systems accommodate urgent requests by residents.Table 2. 10 Existing Solid Waste Disposal Methods Method Population Served Residents of each Barangay Whole city Responsible Agency/Entity Barangay Officials Equipment Facilities Push Cart Financing/ Operating Costs Remarks 1. Push cart collection Not recommended since collectors tend to throw their garbage anywhere †¢ Presentations †¢ Diesoline Expenses †¢ Salaries of the personnel 2. Collection by trucks, Transfer and Transport 3. Experimental Waste Segregation 51 Families Private sector/ Solid Waste Cont ractors: †¢ Excellent Trucking Services, †¢ Greenline Onyx, †¢ Leg Hauling, and †¢ RM Maintenance Services SWM Compactors Office of the Mayor Trucks (10 wheeler dump truck) †¢ Open-Top Compactors †¢ Pay loaders †¢ Shovels †¢ Sacks Garbage Compactors Diesoline Expenses Maintenance of the facilities A project adopted by the Maryville Association Source: Solid Waste Management Office 2. 10. 5 Drainage and Flood Control System The Tripa de Gallina and Libertad pumping stations (PS), the Buendia and Libertad Outfalls or Channels are currently servicing the drainage requirement of the city. The Tripa de Gallina PS has a drainage area of over 1,700 hectares. Part of the storm runoff from the Estero de Tripa de Gallina enters the Libertad PS via the Buendia and Libertad Outfalls.The rest are discharged into the Paranaque River. The Estero, however, shows a fluctuation in profile due to the deposit of sediment and garbage, and insufficient improvement of the Buendia Channel. This condition is caused largely by poor sewerage and improper solid waste disposal. A considerable volume of wastes accumulates in the retention pond of the reclamation area. In areas along esteros and creeks occupied by a number of squatter shanties, wastes are directly discharged into the waterway. At present, the local government employs flood control measures such as annual 10The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE clearing of all waterways and sedimentation (desilting of riverbeds) accompanied by a proper garbage and waste disposal system. The adjoining upstream areas of the Libertad Reclamation Area is being drained through the Libertad, Buendia, and EDSA outfalls. Their existing discharge capacities are much smaller than their design capacities due to siltation. Garbage inflow at the inlets of these outfalls aggravates the problem. 2. 10. Disaster Management The warning sy stem for both typhoons and floods in Metro Manila are operated by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). It monitors the meteorological and hydrological conditions and issues periodic reports. This report contains a warning if the conditions entail risks to the population. The warning system for typhoons works separately from the warning system for floods. 2. 11 Land Suitability Assessment In coming up with an effective land utilization system, the physical and environmental attributes of Pasay City must be considered.Areas of physical constraint for further developments in the city should be delineated. Maps indicating the city's relevant physical and environmental attributes are generated and translated into degrees of concern. References used for this purpose include materials from the local government, BSWM, and PHIVOLCS. Some of the environmental concerns such as flooding, drainage, river preservation, liquefaction hazard, and industrial zones were reflected in maps and discussed briefly. These are subsequently used to delineate the areas of various degrees of development suitability.Flood Hazard Areas Besides natural factors, other aspects that tend to aggravate flooding problems in Metro Manila include the following: Infrastructure development leading to the creation of more impervious areas, resulting to higher peak run-offs that usually cause standing floods; Inadequate or non-existent drainage system; Improper solid waste disposal that leads to the clogging of drainage systems, further lowering their water retaining capacity; Heavy siltation of rivers due to previous floods, indiscriminate dumping of garbage, encroachment of squatters and slum dwellers, and limited maintenance works; and Institutional problems and financial constraints which delay implementation of proper flood control measures. Flooding within Pasay City are generally concentrated along Taft Avenue and the areas along the Estero de Tripa de Gallina and Maricaban Creek (Figure 2. 6). The Official Website of Pasay City www. pasay. gov. ph 11COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN OF PASAY CITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE River and Coastal Preservation As shown in Figure 2. 7, the following are the river preservation zones of the city: †¢ Rivers and streams – These critical areas consist of easements of about 3 to 20 meters from both sides throughout the entire length of any river or stream. Areas within this range are subject to easement of public use in the interest of recreation, fishing, floatage, etc. Coastal Zone – This includes areas one kilometer from the coastline of the Manila Bay, which is city waters, and 200 meters from the coastline inland. †¢ Areas of no significance – Areas outside the range mentioned above are nonenvironmentally-critical areas.Liquefaction Hazard Liquefaction is associated with the phenomenon of quick-condition failure which is generally obtained when pore water in a liquefied layer rises into overlying near-surface sediments that results in a condition resembling quicksand. Areas that are prone to liquefaction are those underlain by water-saturated, thick fine to coarse sand layers such as those along the Pasig River Delta Plain, lake shore areas of Laguna de Bay and the shorelines of Manila Bay. Figure 2. 8 shows the city’s Liquefaction Hazard Map with potential zones classified into high, moderate and low based mainly on the presence of clay layers which help inhibit liquefaction.Industrial and Airport Zones The attribute features of this map are based on the constraints on acceptable noise and air pollution levels for developments around existing industrial establishments. These noise and air pollution levels conform with the DENR Guidelines (Figure 2. 9). †¢ Development restriction guidelines for various noise zones are: – from 45 to 55 dBA. Section of contiguous areas which are primarily used for residential purposes. – from 55 to 65 dBA. Primarily for commercial area – from 60 to 70 dBA. Reserved as a light industrial area – from 65 to 75 dBA. Primarily reserved as a heavy industrial area. Development restriction guidelines for various source-specific air pollutants, such as emission of dust, dirt or fly ash based on DENR standards.

Comparing Diverse African Cultures Essay

Throughout every culture there are many similar customs, however it is the personal experiences that make the cultures different and diverse. In the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo lives in Umofia until the tribe exiles him for accidentally killing a man in his village. After seven years the people of his village allow him to return to Umofia, among his return there are white missionaries in his village that have come to introduce christianity to his people. Okonkwo quickly realizes that his village is now unrecognizable. The short story Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu by Abioseh Nicol, expresses the strong relationships between the living and the dead that are present in African culture. The religious beliefs, social structures and attitudes toward the dead represented in Things Fall Apart are equally similar and different to the concepts present in the short story Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu. Death is a natural part of the circle of life, and the way the dead are treated varies from culture to culture. In Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu, a grandmother (Bola) and her granddaughter (Asi) receive an unexpected visit from the spirit of their son/father Meji. Except it is unknown to Bola and Asi that their loved one is a spirit until after he leaves them. Mr. Addai announces Meji’s death to the village on Monday, â€Å"‘But I tell you, he was here on Friday and left Sunday morning,’ Bola said. ‘He couldn’t have died on Friday.’† (Abioseh 10). The spirit of Meji had come back to his family to say his final goodbyes and thank his mother for all she had done for him. In the African culture they worship and praise the dead, as the dead are a huge part of their lives and culture. Similarly in Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo’s people believe in spirits of the Nigerian tribes, also called the egwugwu. The people of Umofia both fear and respect the egwugwu, â€Å"A woman fled as soon as an egwugwu came in sight. And when, as on that day, nine of the greatest masked spirits in the clan came out together it was a terrifying spectacle.† (Achebe 78). The people of Umofia believe that the egwugwu have magical powers, and know that when they are present someone will most likely be taken as a sacrifice to the gods. The people of African descent treat the dead with great respect and think highly of them. There are many different types of religion in the world, in many African cultures the people are polytheistic. In Things Fall Apart not only do they worship gods and priestesses but they idolize spirits too; like the ojbange. The ojbange is a child who has previously passed away, but has come back to haunt the mother and be reborn. â€Å"Some of them did become tired of their evil rounds of birth and death, or took pity on their mothers, and stayed.† (Achebe 70). Some of these children did continue their lives and grow into adults, but most of them die as young children or infants. Also in Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu the mothers of ojbange children are ridiculed and mocked by the village people. â€Å"All the years of their married life, people had said she was a witch because her children had died young.†(Abioseh 6). Even though most likely it is not the fault of the mother that their child had died, the people of the village overlook that and continue to outcast them for their â€Å"witchcraft†. A major social custom in African culture and many other cultures is food. Food has the power to bring a lot of people together. In Things Fall Apart we see this during the feast for Obierika’s daughters wedding shower. â€Å"As the evening wore on, food was presented to the guests. There were huge bowls of foo-foo and steaming pots of soup. There were also pots of yam pottage. It was a great feast.† (Achebe 104). Everyone, all over the world, eats food; it is the recipes and different dishes that make the experience diverse. Similarly in Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu, Bola uses food to welcome home her son. â€Å"We must make a feast, we must have a big feast. I must tell the neighbors at once.† (Abioseh 3). Bola’s excitement that her son is home calls for a celebration. When having people over nine out of ten times food will be involved in some way. Food is something that most all people have in common, and is something they think about everyday. The religious beliefs, attitudes toward the dead and social customs make Things Fall Apart and Life Is Sweet At Kumansenu equally similar and different. Two different African stories, from the same culture but that have different traditions and techniques is what makes our society different and diverse.

Significance of Reverse Logistics

To the corporate world, it is all about making a profit. To the corporate world, efficiency is a means to achieving that profit. To the corporate world, one can not achieve profit with logistics. To modern researchers, the corporate world has just truly begun to turn its eyes towards reverse logistics. To us business students today, without reverse logistics there can be only limited profit. Within the scope of this analysis we shall be examining the significance of reverse logistics.To comprehend the importance of this study we must first ensure that the reader understands that reverse logistics is an acutely fascinating yet highly misunderstood concept which differs from company to company. Reverse logistics is a manner of reversing the supply chain. In this analytical reversal lies a world of opportunities to businesses. In a manner of speaking, reverse logistics is a highly analytical procedure which calls for the usage of statistical tools and highly trained managers and financi al accountants to understand how to place products back into a supply chain in order to achieve profits.Part of this definition means that businesses should be aware of which products they can expect to see as ‘returned items’. These items should be anticipated to be sold to another supplier to be turned into scraps for another project. Also customization needs to occur to increase the positive user experience; including warranty programs as well to increase the satisfaction level of customers. Businesses highly dislike having items returned to their inventory. Items returned that fail to sell are regarded as a loss in profits and revenue.For companies seeking to understand why such rates of returns occur they must turn to reverse logistics, as a seemingly modern tool, used towards understanding why this occurs to begin with. For businesses it is vital that they analyze, among other information, why such items are returned, how to alleviate this revenue loss, what techn iques or selling tools can be used to prevent this from occurring, and perhaps how to protect the entire company should this occur in various divisions within the company. In analyzing why this occurs we must turn to reverse logistics management.This management solution takes crucial time and effort to look at how to manage the entire returns process. By managing this process, companies can increase the recovery of net assets and revenue goals. As the introduction paragraph points out it is all about ensuring that the profit margin and supply chain is being fulfilled. At this time we shall examine how textile and apparel industries are adversely affected by returned items. When examining the online marketplaces, researchers have determined that typically garments are in danger of being returned by consumers who purchased them online.Purchasing decisions are driven by a consumer’s feelings about themselves and their bodies or physical image of themselves. For instance, when a woman is seeking to purchase clothing which is dependent on a fashionable image they expect the color, feel, fit, image, and expectations to match what they thought they ‘saw’ on the internet. As you can not ‘feel’ or ‘wear’ the garment when purchasing online, you are making the decision to purchase based upon other factors. These factors include color and style.Because consumers are attempting to make an effective choice on what to purchase they are often disappointed by what actually arrives in the mail. As a process hierarchy situation businesses are finding it pertinent to have marketing and sales staff which are willing to communicate with the supplier chain about how to survey consumers and generate more purchasing power in the online stores. Engineering teams are being used to modify the online appearance to appeal to more consumers (Hammond, website).The article, â€Å"In the Virtual Dressing Room Returns are a Real Problem† by J an Hammond and Kristin Kohler, it is emphasized that â€Å"†¦high return rate of apparel products purchased online†¦mirrors the rate of catalog apparel purchases†¦returns for apparel bought from catalogs ranged from 12 to 35 percent.. † This return rate process is a serious concern of companies marketing apparel online and in catalogs. On the other hand, the article shows that decisions to buy generic goods like books, music, electronic, etc..are less reflecting a return rate because less emotional factors tie in to the consumer’s decision to purchase those items. This article indicates that accuracy of color plays a crucial role in decision making of consumers on the web. Surveys conducted, including one by InfoTrends Research Group, indicated that 88% of consumers will shop at online stores which guarantee that their products reflect â€Å"true and accurate† color standards and schematics. Because of feelings of insecurity about acquiring the it ems which meets their color standards and expectations, consumers are less prone to make the initial decision to purchase.Because of this ‘risk’ of purchasing an item â€Å"unseen†, â€Å"untouched† , and â€Å"unworn†, consumers surveyed have become interested in companies which use the new initiatives to improve the color on their websites. For example, detail and color would be greatly improved with companies using zoom technology such as HP Open Pix and Live Picture (Hammond, website). Other companies are seeing products such as BodyMetrics LTD, which can ‘on-line visualize’ body dimensions on a mannequin to see how the item would fit the consumer’s body composition.These tactics are all methods of reverse logistics management, because they improve the online visibility of items which can increase the purchasing of consumers while decreasing the rate of return behavior that companies experience. In addition, as companies are seeking to place their products in online supply markets they can provide those supplier companies with an up-selling tool which aids in their own sales protection. For instance, let us closely examine IKEA’s effective operation management. IKEA, a furniture retailer, has invoked in its company a strong usage of operations management.Operations management is a means towards which a company organizes its hierarchy, sales structure, approach to service, strategic operations, systematic direction of the company, and finally the control of internal and external processes which turn inputs into completed goods and services. IKEA’s experience in operations management is highly organized and analyzed by reverse logistics management. In understanding IKEA’s operations management style we must first recognize that IKEA believes in a self-service concept.This means that IKEA believes that customers service their own needs by picking up their furniture themselves from the warehouse. IDEA’s furniture is built with high quality in mind and displays a wide variety of choice for the every day consumer. Showrooms have been explicitly designed to reflect various rooms and items related to the household goods. Because the ordering and picking up of items is performed by the customer, there is no chance that the consumer be unaware of what they are purchasing. Catalogues and notices are placed around the store explicitly showing the illustrations, dimensions, and availability of color of the goods.These room settings also allow customers to make educated decisions and comparisons about items without being infringed upon by sales personnel hoping to make a sale. As part of the reverse logistic management, this customization of user experience allows for the customer to examine and make decisions while not being under sales pressures (Slack 14-15). As the customer knows exactly where in the store they are purchasing the items from they have the opportun ity to return to the area for further decision making.This operational strategy is very successful to IKEA because of the piece of mind given to customers. Customers see how smooth the process is from selecting their items, to loading their items in a large loading area explicitly for customers, to non-pestering salespeople, to sufficient variety of quality goods at less expensive prices, to well-designed showplace environments, and to staff which willingly help customers at request. This attitude fosters a good mindset in consumers and presents the every day customer with a pleasant environment.Should consumers seek to return items the customer service is guaranteed to be a pleasant one. For customers this operations management has considered all reverse logistics and countered them with a steady aptitude for impressing the every day customer. This situation is truly a competitive advantage for IKEA over the competition. While reading this case study I was impressed with the idea t hat they have an eatery and a location where parents can drop off their children for daycare services while they shop peacefully.In general, this design contains such attractive features which allows for the operations of the organization to be seen on various levels (Slack 14-16). The case study also relates how the transformation process model works at IKEA. In this concept lies the idea of how the resources are used to â€Å"change the state or condition of something to produce outputs. † The nature of this operational concept is that a company can use its resources to literally transform itself and its resources into goods and services. IKEA has done both.It has used quality items from global companies and its in-store services to create the groundwork for a pleasant customized experience. Customers experience a variety of feelings about the IKEA stores while shopping which has a positive affect upon their decision to make purchases. For instance, the daycare allows paren ts to cope with making the decision to purchase while not have the added responsibility of watching over rampant children. Considered a customer processing strategy, this helps the psychological state of customers.In addition, IKEA stores have allowed for showroom settings and customized ideas to help differentiate one product from another. Non-lingering salespersons also alleviate any pressure of making an immediate decision to purchase versus feeling hounded by expectant salespeople. The nature of this process allows for the consumer to feel that they are making the right decision making the purchase. Like all competitive companies they feel that the inputs to the transformation process needs to be â€Å"error-free, fast, and efficient information processing.† Customers feel that this information is an aid for allowing the consumer to be satisfied that their concerns and questions on how to use or install the items will be handled in a professional and efficient manner (Sla ck 17-23). In general, all these processes from business processes to the customer-supplier relationship and interacting relationships are vital to competitive businesses. Whether it be an online stores or a physical store, it is important to recognize that reverse logistics plays a key role in ensuring a satisfied customer while providing a way to generate revenue.Works Cited: Reverse Logistics Management: Manage Returns Processing Across Multiple Channels. Viewed March 26, 2007. http://www. manh. com/reverse_logistics_management/index. html? g=4&gclid=CNG4kM HsjYsCFQlQWAodVUPdWA In the Virtual Dressing Room Returns Are A Real Problem. Published: April 15, 2002 . Jan Hammond and Kristin Kohler. Viewed March 26, 2007. http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/2883. html Slack, Nigel, Stuart Chambers, Christine Harland, Alan Harrison, and Robert Johnston. Effective Operations Management. 1998. London, Pitman

E)Changing Roles in the Household Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E)Changing Roles in the Household - Essay Example Specifically the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was implemented to promote equal work and employment opportunity for men and women by mandating employers to pay male and female employees equally for performing equal work load except for work differences related to seniority and merits (Reuter, 2009). As part of strengthening the promotion of work diversity and gender equal rights, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established in order to enforce the federal laws concerning work discrimination related to race or ethnicity, color, religion, gender preferences, nationality, age, and physical or mental disability (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2010). As part of determining the current socio-economic status of women and the minorities in the United States including the significance and effectiveness of EEOC in terms of alleviating gender and racial discrimination within a work environment, this study will gather the most recent articles and news reports that has been published online particularly in the Wall Street Journal, news media, business journals, and magazines. Eventually, economics of race and gender will be tackled in relation to the gathered news and articles. Prior to conclusion, strategic ways on how the EEOC could effectively prevent the high incidence of work discrimination related to gender and race will be provided in details. Back in 2003, the entire U.S. workforce is composed of 69.9% White Americans, 13.8% of the African Americans, 11.1% Hispanics, and 5.2% other minorities (Hymowitz, 2005). Out of the White Americans who are employed, 84.5% of them are managers in small-, medium-, and large-scale companies (ibid). Statistics shows that gender discrimination in the United States is still present despite EEOC’s effort to avoid gender and race discrimination at work. In rare cases, there are some women and few individuals coming from the minority groups who were able to establish a strong

Interpretation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpretation Paper - Essay Example Instead, he suggest that why wouldn’t people appreciate that they can as well handle the matter by themselves through reconciliation. Paul reminds the Corinthians that they would have power to judge the angels and as such, it is ridiculous that they would subject themselves to other men, who do not believe in their faith, in the form of judges, to handle their cases. It is not like Paul does not appreciate the role of the judges, but rather, he confronts the weakness within the church, to the extent to which non among them would be able to stand for the rest to provide counsel. The intension of the author was to inculcate the spirit of reconciliation among the believers in the Corinth. This was ultimately to appreciate the spirit of forgiveness among the believers, and never to expose their differences to the non-believers. Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before the unjust and not before the saint? (1st Corinthians , 6:1).1 Literally, Paul is putting the role of the jury in question based on the faith they harbor. Though the question seem to be directed to the believers in Corinth, the fairness of the courts in handling the Christians cases is put to question. Sucintly, Christians are challenged to appreciate that there is no fairness in courts that would match forgiveness in Christ. The answer to Paul’s question is no! In faith every Christian should forgive others and never to seek revenge. I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not a wise man among you? No not one that shall be able to judge between his brethren? (1st Corinthians, 6:2) At this instance, Paul presents a case which contradicts traditional understanding of Christianity. First, there would not be any need to judge since judgment is left to God alone. But the answer is yes! There are wise men among the Christians who are able to provide counsel but not to judge them. Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit

Animal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Animal Rights - Essay Example The proponent agrees to have animal welfare instead. In today’s move to go for animal rights, activists in this movement tend to suggest the people not to have animal’s meat at their table. Instead, they recommend fruits and vegetables. They also try to protect the animals by strongly opposing the use of them in various scientific experiments and medical trials. This is just some of the extremities brought about by strong advocacy towards animal rights. Non-human animals and their lives have been considered valuable and important and in such a way some other important issues are overlooked. Whether non-human animals have the right to be treated just like as humans or not, the entire issue should be examined based on their capacity to go for a social contract. In a social contract, individuals have moral and political obligations in order to come into an agreement in the formation of the society. In other words, there is an obligation that needs to be fulfilled in order to create a society or a better place to live in. In short, there is a form of obedience that needs to be fulfilled and that should be implemented for as long as individuals are dependent on their needs within the society for the preservation of their lives (Rousseau 2). Unfortunately, it is evident that animals do not have enough capacity to fulfill their moral and political obligations in the society. Indeed some of them are dependent on the lives of the people, but some of them also are dependent on the law of nature. The nature itself is under the authority of humans. Thus, each animal is still under the authority of man. The preservation of animals’ lives is indeed a moral obligation of man. Thus, they need animal welfare which has to be strongly established by man who has the authority over everything on earth. However, to give animals moral and political obligations is truly departing from the reality. There is a governing principle which is the

Discovering Statistics Using SPSS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discovering Statistics Using SPSS - Assignment Example The data for this report was collected using a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire contained three sets of questions. The first set comprised 21 separate questions concerning five dimensions of service quality. Sub-questions 1 through 6 focused on tangible elements of the service. Sub Questions 20 and 21 measured the empathy dimension, whilst 16 through 19 measured the assurance dimension. Questions 7, 10,11,12 focused on reliability with 8, 9, 13,14,15 measuring responsiveness. These questions followed a similar format to previous research in this field, such that measurement validity was maintained; a 5 point scale was used to allow respondents to rate the service performance. The second set of questions attempted to get the respondents to weight the importance they attached to each of the five dimensions of service quality. The third set of questions were ‘key independent variables’ which measured respondent characteristics. These allowed us to ascertain the demographics of the sample and facilitate analysis of variance later. The questionnaire was pre†tested for face validity with potential users of the sports center. There were no problems with face validity and the questionnaire was deemed to be reliable. The sampling method took the form of a probability sample of students at the University in question. The sampling frame was composed of the email addresses of all students. Using simple random sampling a sample size of 200 was deemed appropriate † with the potential sampling error of 9%. The research used a structured questionnaire which is characterized by a diverse scales; the questionnaire was divided into three categories. The first questionnaire was determined to assess the service quality of the sports center; the results obtained on a five-point Linkert scale. The second part of the questionnaire attempted to evaluate the most important sports’ services and facilities according to the views of the students; the importance was measured on a scale of one-hundred percent.

Homework assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example This kind of reaction causes a friction that helps in the transformation of the existing rocks to form the amorphous rock (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003). However, a series of researches have also reported that the amorphous rocks can result from other processes like magma, very hot sediment that may come as a result of earth movements like volcanic eruptions. After their sedimentation and subsequent cooling, the amorphous rock is formed. Actually, for this rock to be used in construction process, it must be specially prepared through a series of processes. First, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be given a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be put in the right shape to be used in construction. For instance, being that it can be used in making the bathroom tiles means that it should be accorded a kind of finishinthat will make it be so smooth and shiny. The type of igneous rock used in the construction of houses is the granite. It is just because it posses the right qualities necessary for the building and construction of various parts of a building structure (Press, F., R. Siever, J. Grotzinger & T. H. Jordan, 2003). According to the geological researches, the igneous rock is formed through a process of cooling and solidification of lava or magma. The magma undergoes a crystallization process either intrusively or extrinsively. In this case, the intrinsic crystallization occurs when the process occurs underneath the surface of the earth. On the other hand, extrinsic crystallization occurs on the surface of the earth mainly from volcanic eruptions. In order to process the materials from this rock, an appropriate mining method is used before it is taken to the industry to be given a series of chemical treatment where it will be given color, shape, texture and be put in the right shape to be used in

Finance Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance Final - Essay Example Leasing makes sense when one will try to look at it from the point of view of saving. If it is substantial to generate saving with leasing, then it makes sense to go for leasing than owning. In real situation, it is hard to own an asset by which depreciation may add up only to a remarkable cost. In this case, it is necessary to eliminate the associated cost with depreciation, which can be incurred if the owner will decide to own the asset. The good thing about leasing in this case is the opportunity for the individual to at least get rid of the remarkable costs associated with owning that may be addressed by just leasing an asset. At the bottom line, the CFO tries to look at the great impact of his financial decision on the organization in general. In this case, it is always a substantial consideration to understand the probable risks of a project or a certain investment. It is important on the part of the CFO to considerably analyze and look at the potential risks in the future. After all, he is always looking forward to sustainability in the future in order to continue the business operation and ensure effective development of strategies. Investment is something that is necessary to make sense from the point of view of the CFO. Therefore, if a project has certain potential for sustainability with considerable risks involved then the CFO will most likely drink to that. The three dividend theories are dividend irrelevance theory, bird-in-the-hand theory, and tax-preference theory. The dividend irrelevance theory puts forward the main point that without taxes or bankruptcy costs the prevailing dividend policy can be irrelevant at some point. The bird-in-the-hand theory suggests that dividend is relevant, because the retained earnings will further give the firm a brighter investment in the future. The tax-preference theory on the other hand suggests that

Critque of Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critque of Paper - Essay Example is vital, to prevent the escalation of the disorders, which is likely to cause more harm to the individuals themselves through self injury, as well as damaging actions to the wide society. The paper employs empirical research method of research. This is so because it applies an observation of the activities/operations taking place in various residential treatment facilities, in a comparison manner with the institution in question. The aim is to establish where it falls in this category of institution, based on its performance in residential treatment. The unit of analysis applied in this paper is the residential treatment program. The paper compares the success of different treatment programs. It also seeks to establish the relationship between the staff to patient ratio, and its impact on the performance of these institutions. The paper also tried to seek the relationship between the state licensing/certification of the staff, and the program performance. The aim was to know whether the certification affects performance, which was found to be unlikely. The type of data collected is nominal (Richard). This refers to that data that use names in establishing relationships. The paper is developed based on a set of treatment programs, compared per their performance. Ordinal data are also used in this paper. The treatment programs are ranked based on their percentage performance in patient treatment. Ratio data are also collected and used in this paper. There has been a computation of the staff to patient ratio. This is then applied to seek whether there is a relationship between this ratio and the program performance. The paper has applied various data collection tools. The rating scale is one of them, where the programs are rated in success percentage (Richard). Document review is also applied as a tool, since information regarding to staff and patient numbers are obtained from the programs’ documents. Institutional schedule is yet another tool employed. The paper

Regulatory Agency Essay Example for Free

Regulatory Agency Essay The role and responsibility of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most importantly, is to uphold the laws dictated by the government concerning products that include drugs, medical products, food, and non-health related products and to protect and promote public health across the country. This essay focuses on several aspects of the FDA, from the role of the agency and its effect on health care in the United States, to the authority this agency carries in relation to health care. There will also be an explanation of how the FDA carries out these responsibilities on a day-to-day basis. The FDA has held a strong presence in the realm of public health since 1848 when it began as a consumer protection agency (FDA, 2013). The FDA, formed after the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was put in place and inspired by the scientific work of Harvey Washington Wiley, who was the Chief Chemist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Wiley worked to eliminate the dangerous practices of marketing unregulated drugs and food products to consumers (FDA, 2013). Since that time, the FDA has become a powerful force, monitoring and working to protect public health in the United States. FDA Role The FDA is an agency that works within the Department of Health and Human Services. The Office of the Commissioner takes the lead role with four other branches that manage other functions (FDA, 2013). The Office of the Commissioner takes â€Å"leadership of the agency’s scientific activities, communication, legislative liaison, policy and planning, women’s and minority health initiatives, agency operations, and toxicological research† (FDA, 2013). The four groups that work under the Office of the Commissioner are the Office of Foods, the Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy, the Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, and the Office of Operations. The function of these five entities of the FDA is to protect and promote public health in the U. S. and to uphold the laws dictated by the government regarding public health. This is accomplished through close monitoring and testing of regulated products used by U. S. consumers. These products consist of drugs, food, cosmetics, radiation-emitting products, vaccines and other biologics, veterinary drugs and products, and tobacco products (FDA, 2013). The FDA is also constantly looking for ways to advance public health by assisting other organizations to make medications safe and more effective (FDA, 2013). Not only does the FDA monitor the food supply coming into the U. S. to ensure its safety but also plays a role in counterterrorism efforts by developing products and medications to respond to a public health threat (FDA, 2013). Issuing and enforcing warning labels for drugs and other products is another function in the role of the FDA. The labels serve to educate the public and medical professionals on the use and hazards of using a specific medication or product. However, these labels do not always have the desired effect. Impact on Health Care The efforts of the FDA throughout its history, has created a much safer consumer environment as it relates to food products, cosmetics, and other non-medical items. Foods are carefully scrutinized before they are allowed on the market to ensure these products are safe for the public to consume. Strict guidelines are in place for all types of products that are available to consumers. However, there is some controversy concerning warning labels on prescription drugs. There have been recent reports that communications by the FDA regarding drug risks are not immediately effective (Hitt, 2012). It is the duty of the FDA to monitor and enforce warnings for prescription drugs involving the safety risks to public health. According to Emma Hitt, some of the warnings that recommended increased monitoring of a patient while taking a prescription drug or increase laboratory monitoring generally caused a decrease in the use of the drug and very low increases in monitoring (Hitt, 2012). These types of oversights in clinical practice likely cause adverse effects to patients by not heeding the proper warnings set forth by the FDA. This is just a minute area in which the FDA impacts health care. Just as the FDA is responsible for monitoring drugs, products, and foods, their communications to health care providers and consumers must also be taken seriously. As Hitt states, â€Å"as the goals of risk communication are to minimize potential harms, understanding the impact of an FDA communication’s intended (and unintended) consequences on patient health outcomes should be a priority† (Hitt, 2012). Duties of the FDA The FDA carries an enormous responsibility daily to monitor, investigate, and enforce the safety of the public in general. As discussed earlier, this includes products and medications used by consumers daily. There are times when the regulations and guidelines set forth by the FDA on specific products are not followed and thus the FDA must follow up with inspections, enforce compliance, and conduct criminal investigations (FDA, 2013). The Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) is the lead office in this function of the FDA. It is the duty of the ORA to carry out investigations if a breach in regulation is suspected. Once a questionable observation is made by an investigator of the ORA, a form entitled â€Å"Form 483† is filled out by the investigator (FDA, 2013). On this form, the investigator cites what the law or regulation is and proceeds to list the questionable conditions and what law or regulation is violated. These 483 forms are maintained and revisited periodically. Some of the areas investigated are biologics, drugs, human tissue for transplantation, foods, and radiological health, to name a few. This is a major function of the FDA to ensure compliance to laws and regulations. Regulatory Authority The FDA has regulatory authority provided in the â€Å"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act† (FDC) passed by Congress in 1983. The creation of this legislation was driven by an incident where more than 100 patients died due to improperly prepared sulfanilamide medications. It replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (FDA, 2013). The agency has authority to mandate preventative actions for food facilities to ensure food safety. They also have the power to conduct compliance inspections on facilities the scope of which include access to records and testing by accredited laboratories. The FDA also has several responses it can take to enforce compliance and ensure safety of consumers. It can enforce a mandatory recall of a product, and it can suspend the registration of a facility if it is determined to pose a threat of serious health consequences or the threat of death to humans or animals (FDA, 2013). Accreditation, Certification, and Authorization The FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is the division of the agency charged with the evaluation and approval of any drug prior to its release on the market. There are three phases in this certification and approval process. The research phase is conducted during the manufacture of a drug, along with the testing, then sent to a review board for recommendation (Writing, 2013). Once the recommendation is given, the drug can move to the second phase, the pre-clinical trials. Here the drug is tested on small groups of humans while measuring interactions and its effectiveness. Once this phase is complete with no adverse issues, the third phase can take place. This is a Phase 2 clinical trial that allows researchers to see if the drug works on a specific illness on patients and allows scientists to determine any side effects that may occur (Writing, 2013). The clinical phases are monitored closely, while working directly with patients to ensure that the testing remain within the standards of medical ethics. Once all of the trials are complete and all recommendations have been given, all of the results are analyzed and only then can be submitted to the FDA for approval to be sold on the market (Writing, 2013). The accreditation and approval process for all products that must be in compliance with FDA guidelines is a rigorous process but necessary for the common good. Conclusion The FDA carries so many responsibilities to provide high quality medications, foods, cosmetics, and many other products. The laws and regulations are complex and detailed. So much, in fact, most people are not aware when a regulation or guideline is being violated. The resources available to research the FDA and their functions and laws are many and well worth the time to gain education on how this enormous entity works to protect and promote public health and safety.

Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Today the automobile sector in India contributes 5% to the nation’s GDP, making it a prominent player in the economy. It will contribute around 19% of the Tax collection for financial year 2009-10. Following have been the features of Auto industry in the past financial year. The following tables and charts consist of the performance of Auto industry in past few years. Industry Aggregate (Rs in million)| | AMJ 10 (E)| Net Sales| 363904. 38| Change (%)| 39%| EBITDA| 64665. 22| Change (%)| 94%| Depreciation| 7303. 60| Interest| 3348. 58| Other Income| 7118. 93| PBT| 61131. 97|. Tax| 16645. 21| Effective tax rate| 27%| Reported PAT| 44486. 77| Change % (Reported PAT)| 92%| Market Cap (Rs in bn)| 1647. 17| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Note: The aggregate consists of the following companies- Bajaj Auto, Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, TVS Motors, Force Motors, Hero Honda, Escorts Ltd. , Eicher Motors, Maruti Udyog Limited, Punjab Tractors Limited, Mahindra Mahindra, and Hindustan motors Source: QPAC Indian Automobile industry Apr-Jun 2010 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND TRENDS Overview The auto industry in India is the ninth largest in the world. After Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. Several Indian automobile manufacturers have spread their operations globally. Indian auto industry, which is currently growing at the pace of around 18 % per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto players like Volvo, General Motors and Ford. The Indian automobile industry is going through a phase of rapid change and high growth. With new projects coming up on a regular basis, the industry is undergoing technological change. The major players are expanding their plants and focusing on mass customization, mass production. Yearly-Analysis Year on year as the Indian population grows the requirement for the transportation will also grow, so it is clear that the industry demand is directly proportional to the population. Presently in India there are 100 people per vehicle while the figure in china is 82. Indian automotive industry is strong and productive sector for the economy growth. It gives nearly 5% of the employment to the country’s population. Continue improving quality results in exports of automobile and ancillary industry is boosting out the demand in oversees business. The Indian auto-players are expanding their presence in oversees market. In the last 5 years the foreign investment in this sector nearly doubled. Production Trend: The Indian automotive industry face a tough time during FY08 and its production were almost stagnated. From the early FY09, the industry started showing marginal growth in terms of production and reached to 14. 04m units till FY10. Due to the huge insist in the domestic market company’s sale nearly 88% of their total production in the country and rest 12% vehicles they export. Domestic and Exports sales trend: In terms of domestic sales the industry is showing positive approach from the last 3-years. During FY10 the industry domestic sales reached to 12. 29m units. The Indian exports are increasing gradually form the past 5-years and reached to 1. 80m units in FY10. Earlier the industry depended on the foreign auto parts, but due to the increase of the global players in the country and establishing the plants ended painless move to the Indian auto-players. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE (YEARLY) Indian Automobile Industry Performance (Apr-Mar)| | Production| Domestic Sales| Exports| | 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| Passenger vehicles (PVs)|. Passenger Cars| 1516967| 1926484| 27| 1220475| 1526787| 25| 331535| 441710| 33| UVs| 219498| 272848| 24| 225621| 272733| 21| 3034| 2823| -7| MPVs| 102128| 151908| 49| 106607| 150256| 41| 1160| 1613| 39| Total PV| 1838593| 2351240| 28| 1552703| 1949776| 26| 335729| 446146| 33| Commercial vehicles (CVs)| MHCVs| | | | | | | Passenger Carriers| 40995| 46026| 12| 34892| 43081| 24| 7456| 6069| -19| Goods Carriers| 151288| 204145| 35| 148603| 201977| 36| 9363| 14354| 53| Total MHCVs| 192283| 250171| 30| 183495| 245058| 34| 16819| 20423| 21| LCVs| | | | | | |. Passenger Carriers| 28635| 34751| 21| 26952| 34421| 28| 5426| 2708| -50| Goods Carriers| 195952| 281686| 44| 173747| 251916| 45| 20380| 21876| 7| Total LCVs| 224587| 316437| 41| 200699| 286337| 43| 25806| 24584| -5| Total CVs| 416870| 566608| 36| 384194| 531395| 38| 42625| 45007| 6| 3-wheelers| Goods Carriers| 417434| 530203| 27| 268463| 349662| 30| 146914| 172505| 17| Total 3-Wheelers| 79586| 88890| 12| 81264| 90706| 12| 1152| 777| -33| Grand total| 497020| 619093| 25| 349727| 440368| 26| 148066| 173282| 17| 2-Wheelers|. Scooter| 1161276| 1494409| 29| 1148007| 1462507| 27| 25816| 30125| 17| Motorcycles| 6798118| 8444852| 24| 5831953| 7341139| 26| 971018| 1103104| 14| Mopeds| 436219| 571070| 31| 431214| 564584| 31| 7300| 6905| -5| Electric Two Wheel| 24179| 2558| -89| 26445| 3001| -89| 40| 50| -| Total 2-Wheelers| 8419792| 10512889| 25| 7437619| 9371231| 26| 1004174| 1140184| 14| Grand Total| 11172275| 14049830| 26| 9724243| 12292770| 26| 1530594| 1804619| 18| source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| Demand-supply mismatch: The new capacity addition till 2012, may anticipate a demand and supply mismatch in the short term. Demand is only expected to grow by 10-12% every year. In 2009-10 the domestic auto industry was utilizing 80-85% of its capacity, but this may drop to 65% by 2012. India may be in a similar position in 2012 as the global auto industry is in right now. The global capacity utilization in 2009-10 was around 65%, down from 80% in 2008-09. In the near future it is expected that the mismatch is going to see between Demand and Supply. Capacity addition: Accoding to Fitch Ratings, by 2012, the existing players in the market are expected to add 0. 9m units to the 2. 6m units’ capacity of the passenger vehicle segment and 0.6m units to the 0. 75m units’ capacity of the commercial vehicle segment. Meanwhile, global automakers who currently only assemble in India, are expected to set up production units, in order to be more competitive with local players. Quarterly-Analysis Production Trend During AMJ10, the segmental market size of 2-wheeler stood at 77%, followed by Passenger vehicles at 16% and then followed by 3-wheelers at 4%. In this quarter the total industry production increased by 33. 27 to 4. 09m units from 3. 06m units in the previous year same period. The commercial vehicle segment production has increased by 57. 11% to 0.16m units and recorded top among the segments. Sales and Exports Trend From the past two years the sale of the vehicles are increasing during this quarter due to the domestic demand made by the festive season and the exports are declining. In terms of sales commercial vehicles sales had increased by 55% during AMJ10 and stood in top against AMJ09. Passenger vehicle sales increased by 33% next to Commercial Vehicles and stood at 0. 55m units followed by 2 and 3-wheelers. The total Indian automobile exports during AMJ10 increased by 59. 30% to 0. 58m units against 0. 36m units. The 3-wheeler segment stood in top in- terms of exports by 150. 33% increase followed by C. V and P. V. SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY (QUARTERLY) Automobile Sales Performance in AMJ (in terms of Volume)| I PASSENGER VEHICLES| | AMJ09| AMJ10| % change| A. Passenger Cars| 324,985| 433,641| 33%| B. UVs| 60,969| 76,432| 25%| C. MPVs| 31,965| 44,493| 39%| TOTAL (A+B+C)| 417,919| 554,566| 33%| II. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| MHCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 7,482| 11,574| 55%| B. Goods Carriers| 31,408| 59,642| 90%| TOTAL (A+B)| 38,890| 71,216| 83%| LCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 9,601| 11,566| 20%| B. Goods Carriers| 48,376| 67,095| 39%| TOTAL (A+B)| 57,977| 78,661| 36%|. TOTAL COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| 96,867| 149,877| 55%| III. THREE WHEELERS| A. passenger carrier| 72,339| 84,298| 17%| B. goods carrier| 18,963| 20,855| 10%| TOTAL (A+B)| 91,302| 105,153| 15%| IV TWO WHEELERS| A. scooters| 317,400| 470,323| 48%| B. motor cycles| 1,689,716| 2,097,415| 24%| C. mopeds| 128,738| 157,588| 22%| TOTAL (A+B+C+D)| 2,135,854| 2,725,326| 28%| Total volume (units)| 2,741,942| 3,534,922| 29%| Source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| SEGMENTAL PERFORMANCE Two-wheelers Note: Demand is expected on the base of country population bases and the base year is taken as 2000 for projections. The Indian 2-wheeler industry has reported a 26% (Y-o-Y) growth in FY10 with sales at 9. 37m units as against 7. 43m units sold in FY09. On the exports front, the 2-wheeler industry with 1. 14m shipments in FY10 posted a growth of 14% (Y-o-Y). Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (HHML), the worlds largest two wheeler manufacturer continued to dominate the total 2-wheeler industry with a market share of 48. 10%. In the motorcycle segment, the domestic sales grew 26% (Y-o-Y) to 7. 34m units while the exports grew 14% (Y-o-Y) to 1. 10m shipments in FY10. Hero Honda dominated the motorcycle space with a market share of 44% followed by Bajaj Auto (21%) and TVS Motors (15%). Market Penetration The two-wheeler industry is growing at a good phase in the country and expected a presence of 92 per every 1000 people at the end of 2010. The segment expects huge demand in the next 5 years. The industry is expected to sell nearly 26. 56m units till 2015. The segment is expected to face a tough time in 2011, due to the heavy compilation by the low cast cars and the alternative electronic vehicles. From 2012 the segment is expected to grow at the CAGR of 19% till 2015. Segment Boosters. New launches, coupled with low base and festive (marriage) season, helped the 2- wheeler industry post an impressive volumes growth for the month of May 2010. While the low base helped Bajaj Auto Ltd. (BAL) posts a growth of 62% (Y-o-Y) in total sales over the same month of the last fiscal. Three Wheelers The 3-wheeler industry posted an impressive growth of 26% (Y-o-Y) to 0. 44m units in FY10 as against 0. 34m units sold in the last fiscal. On the exports front, the 3-wheeler industry reported 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m units shipments in FY10. The passenger carrier segment reported higher growth in the domestic market at 0. 34m units 30% (Y-o-Y), while the goods carrier segment posted a 12% (Y-o-Y) growth for FY10. On the exports front, the passenger carrier segment posted a 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m unit shipments, while the goods segment posted a 33% (Y-o-Y) decline with exports of 777 units in FY10. Market share and players performance: Piaggio Vehicles continued to dominate the 3-wheeler industry with a market share of 41% followed by Bajaj Auto (35%) and Mahindra Mahindra (11%). In this 3-wheeler segment 81% sub-segment is captured by Passenger carriers, which is primarily for the rural people moving long distances. The remaining 19% is covered by cargo or goods carriers; there are the versatile vehicles suitable for both intra and inter-city transport. Segment Boosters In suburban and rural areas 3-wheelers are primarily used as substitutes for buses. They thrive because of very poor public transport and on shorter trip distances. Some of the opportunities of this segment are; the inability of state government to provide the required number of buses, lack of political will to privatize public transport and free up fares. Increasing number of 3-wheelers on these routeswill bring download availability form 10-12% to 6-8%, people for 80% of the trips. PRINCIPLE APPLICATION OF 3-WHEELERS| Segments| Primary uses| Fuel used| Forecasted 3-yearsCAGR| In-city| Home-Office,Home-shopping,Schoolchildren, Home-Railways or Air port. | Petrol/LPG/CNG| 10%| Rural| Stage coach| Diesel| 11%| Cargo| Wholesaler to retailerRetailer to end user distribution| Diesel/CNG| -6%| Growth drivers and Indian in the world automobile industry (2010) Growth Drivers of Indian Auto Market| India in world production| ? Rising industrial and agricultural output? Rising per capita income? Favourable demographic distribution with rising working population and middle class? Urbanisation? Increasing disposable incomes in rural agri-sector? Availability of a variety of vehicle models meeting diverse needs and preferences? Greater affordability of vehicles? Easy finance schemes? Favourable government policies? Robust production| ? Well-developed, globally competitive auto ancillaryindustry? Established automobile testing and RD centers? Among one of the lowest cost producers of steel in the world? Worldssecondlargestmanufactureroftwo wheeler? Fifthlargestmanufacturerofcommercial vehicles? Largest manufacturers of tractors in the world? Fourth largest passenger car market in Asia? India is the second largest two-wheeler market in the world.? 11th largest passenger car market in the world? Expectedtobetheseventhlargestauto industry by 2016| Inter- firm Comparison: Two – Wheelers Operational Performance The sales figure of Hero Honda is estimated to increase by 33. 73% in revenue terms from Rs3824. 40m in AMJ09 to Rs51116. 77m in AMJ10. Hero Honda scooter segment, pleasure sales have been growing at an average of 16000 units per month, it also crossed its land mark of 4. 5m unit sales for FY10. Bajaj Auto is estimated to show a sharp increase in sales figure by 33% from Rs 233384. 70m in AMJ09 to Rs31230. 88m in AMJ10, this has been led by its two game changing brands, Pulsar and Discover, with clocked robust volumes. TVS Motors is estimated to show an increase of 34% in sales from Rs9886. 97m in AMJ09 to Rs13254. 32m in AMJ10. Its scooter and motorcycle segment sales grew by 24% and 15% respectively; exports were increased by 22% to 20067 units during May. The newly launched TVS Jive and the TVS Wego have supported better volume growth for the month of March. Two-Wheeler Rs (m)| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Growth| Bajaj Auto| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 33. 55| Hero Honda| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 33. 73| TVS| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| 34. 06| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Financial Performance The overall sale of all the companies is expected to rise. In case of TVS Motors OPM will improve mainly due to reduction in other expenses and raw material cost. The operational performance of Hero Honda has also improved and is directly reflected in its OPM and NPM growth which has increased by 837bps and 486bps respectively. Bajaj Autos OPM and NPM have been increased by 94bps and 170 bps points respectively. Overall in terms Hero Honda stood in top position in terms of operational and financial performance. | Bajaj Auto| Hero Honda| TVS| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Net sales| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| NPM (%)| 12. 55| 14. 25| 13. 08| 17. 95| 1. 84| 2. 85| OPM (%)| 18. 45| 19. 38| 17. 01| 25. 38| 6. 33| 6. 01| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Cost Structure Analysis Cost Structure (as % of Net sales) AMJ09 Vs AMJ10| Company| Hero Honda| Bajaj Auto| TVS Motors| Industry| Year| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| (Increase)/Decrease in Stock| 0. 33| -2. 33| 2. 04| 1. 34| 3. 15| 4. 49| -0. 74| 0. 68| Consumption of raw materials| 67. 42| 62. 86| 60. 60| 64. 04| 67. 61| 60. 50| 65. 91| 62. 41| Purchase in stock in trade| 0. 00| 0. 00| 3. 51| 3. 67| 1. 62| 1. 88| 4. 44| 5. 55| Staff cost| 3. 62| 2. 76| 4. 83| 2. 98| 5. 29| 4. 87| 5. 34| 3. 86| Other expenditure| 11. 62| 11. 32| 10. 57| 8. 59| 15. 99| 22. 26| 12. 33| 9. 73| Depreciation| 1. 19| 0. 86| 1. 41| 0. 12| 2. 57| 1. 89| 2. 63| 2. 01| Interest Financial Charges| -0. 14| -0. 10| 0. 26| 0. 00| 1. 73| 0. 91| 1. 25| 0. 92| Tax| 3. 99| 7. 69| 5. 22| 6. 11| 0. 19| 0. 76| 2. 62| 4. 57| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research|. Raw material cost forms the major chunk of cost for two-wheeler companies followed by other expenditure, staff cost. In terms of raw material, staff cost and other expenses the performance of Bajaj is better compared to its peers. Overall, Bajaj auto is efficient from operational point of view. It has declined its overall cost structure by 159 bps to 86. 84% from 88. 44% as the percentage of sales during AMJ09. Porter Five Forces model Here is the analysis of Auto Industry with help of the porter’s five forced model. This is common for auto industry in India. Supply | Some amount of excess capacity.while India would be capable of producing 5. 4 m cars a year by 2014, domestic demand is likely to edge up to between 3. 5 and 4. 8 m units. | Demand | Largely cyclical in nature and dependent upon economic growth and per capita income. Seasonality is also a vital factor. | Barriers to entry | High capital costs, technology, distribution network, and availability of auto components. | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low, due to stiff competition. | Bargaining power of customers | Very high, due to availability of options. | Competition | High. Expected to increase even further. | Now if we make the five-force model for two wheelers:

Information Management Systems That Support Organizations

Information Management Systems That Support Organizations ABSTRACT â€Å"An information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making, coordination, and control in an organisation. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers analyse problems visualise complex subjects, and create new products† (Laudon Laudon, 2001) 1. Introduction In order for an organisation to fully appreciate the information systems available to them they must appreciate the value of information available. Information Technology and Information Management have experienced tremendous growth. Information is available everywhere and anytime. The Internet has certainly devalued information, before its creation many organisations benefited from gathering, sorting and selling information to stakeholders in need information to grow their business. When printed information is turned into digital information the price drops. Take for example newspapers. It is the norm that Newspapers today publishes part of its information on the Newspapers website for free, if you want to view the rest of the articles you must pay for it at a premium. Meta information providers such as Google pick up this digital information and provide it free over the internet. The value of the information to the providers is obviously monetary but to the consumer of these online products it is ease of access and less time consuming to purchase online information. Although much of information provided is considered to be free, we do pay the internet provider, and the internet provider charges a third party for access to the information. The internet today has turned into the largest library in the world. In the past students when looking for information for assignments, research projects and exams gathered information from books, newspapers and research journals. The internet has made attaining information uncomplicated. 1.1 The Value of Information to the Organisation It does not matter what type of business you are running whether it be a manufacturing business or providing a service the vital ingredient for any organisation is information. It is an organisation most vital asset. Information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. â€Å"Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets. Without information, the goods do not get made, the orders are not placed, the materials are not procured, the shipments are not delivered, the customers are not billed, and the business cannot survive.† www.referenceforbusiness.com [2] 2. Information Management Systems An Information System (IS) is more than hardware or software. The most important components of the system are the people who design it, maintain it, and use it. While the overall system must meet various needs in terms of power and performance, it must also be functional for the organisations employees. Regardless which Information System an organisation chooses it is a major investment for any firm in todays business environment. A poorly chosen or designed Information System can become an impediment to an organisation in attaining its goals. If the Information system if not capable of collecting, storing and transferring vital information for the business then the outcome can be catastrophic. Customers of the business may be discontented or worse lost. Valuable revenue may be lost due to increased overheads and the business may lose desired business direction due to an ineffective Information System. 2.1 Information Management Challenges It may be essential to design different systems aimed at different levels of the organisation, firms are likely to find rewards in integrating systems, although integrating systems for different levels to freely exchange information can be complicated and expensive. Organisations need to decide what level of systems integration is required and how much it is going to cost. Sustaining a competitive advantage does not necessarily last long. Competitors can reproduce a competitors strategic information management system. Changing market conditions, changes in what the consumer wants today and changes in the business environment all add to the loss of competitive advantage within an organisation if previous standards are not maintained. Updated technology from rival companies can lead to your organisation losing its competitive advantage. Operational Level Systems Knowledge Level Systems Management Level Systems Strategic Level Systems 3. Operational Level Systems 3.1 The Transaction Support System TSS supports managers in the day to day running of the business. It keeps track of basic transactions such as sales figures, lodgements to bank, payments to creditors, payroll etc. The main purpose of the system is to answer questions which arise on a daily basis. Information must be easily obtained and precise. These are fundamental systems that serve the operational level of the organisation. Transaction Support System is a computerised system that executes the daily routine transactions necessary to carry out the day to day tasks of running a business. At the operational level duties, resources and goals are predefined and form the foundation of daily business. Example of which is a bank lending money to customers, the predetermined questions are on the computer if the customer has the capacity to fund the repayments of the loan the transaction support system will give the answer as to whether the loan can be grant or not as the case may be. Typical TPS have five major functional categories, sales marketing, manufacturing production, finance accounting and Human Resource. 3. 2 Knowledge Level Systems Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) supports the organisation employees involved in data processing. The knowledge based system helps integrate new information into the organisation and controls the flow of paper. Knowledge Level Systems are found in workstations throughout the organisation. Normally knowledge workers are people who hold formal university degrees and are often members of professional bodies such as doctors, engineers, lawyers and scientists. Their main role is to primarily create new information and knowledge. KWS, such as scientific or engineering design work stations, promote the creation new knowledge and ensure that new knowledge and technical expertise are properly integrated into the business. 4. Management Level Systems Management Information Systems (MIS) are used to monitor and control decision making and administrative activities. Management level reports provide regular intelligence rather than information on operations. Some management systems centre on less structured decisions from which the information received may not always be clear. These systems often answer the question â€Å"what if† an example of which would be â€Å"what will happen if our sales figures double in the next two months†. Answers to questions often need new data from outside the organisation as well as the readily available data found from the existing operational level system. MIS primarily serve the function of controlling, planning and decision making at management level, depending on transaction processing system for their data. The MIS condense and report on the companys basic operations. This system usually provides managers with weekly, monthly and yearly results. It will provide specified answers to routine questions that have been prepared in advance and have a predefined formula for answering them. For instance, MIS reports might list the amount of coffee used last quarter in a chain of coffee shops, or it can make comparisons between one quarter and another. Management information systems are usually not flexible and they have little diagnostic capabilities, they use simple routine reports such as summaries and comparisons. 4.1 Decision Support Systems DSS also supports management level in the organisation. DSS assist managers make decisions that are exclusive, briskly adjusting, not easy to specify beforehand. They address problems where the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined. Even though DSS use internal information from TPS and MIS, they frequently bring in information from external sources, such as product price of competitors or current stock price. By design the Decision Support System have more analytical power that the other systems. Built for the sole purpose with a variety of models to analyse data, or compress large amounts of data into a form where they can then be studied by the decision makers. â€Å"DSS are designed so that users can work with them directly; these systems explicitly include user-friendly software. DSS are interactive; the user can change assumptions, ask new questions, and include new data† (Laudon Laudon. 2001) 4.2 Strategic Level Systems Executive Support System (ESS) assists senior managers attempt to address strategic issues and long term goals within the internal and external environments. The main concern is matching changes in the external environment to organisational capabilities. Information systems also supply major business functions as in sales, marketing, manufacturing and finance, accounting and human resource. A classic system will have each of the information systems designed to give the information required from each of the various departments. The sales function has a sales system on the operational level to record daily sales figures and to process customers orders. A management level system can track monthly sales, can send reports and calculate if there is an increase or decrease in sales. The system can complete sales forecasts for specific periods of time depending on the strategic structure the organisation requires. The ESS serves to address non routine decisions requiring evaluation, judgement and insight as there is no agreed procedure to find a solution. The system creates a sweeping computing and communications environment rather than supplying any fixed application or specific capabilities. The design is such; that the system incorporates data about external events like new tax laws or competitors, but they also illustrate information from the MIS and DIS. The system filters, compresses and track significant data, highlighting the reduction of time and effort in finding information of value to the executives. Within the Executive Support System there is the most advanced graphics software with the ability to deliver graphs and data from many sources without delay. 5. Integration of Information Systems The Transaction Processing Systems plays a key role in turning raw data into information it also provides data to the other systems. The ESS system relies on data from the lower level systems. Data is exchanged between the different functional areas. To aid the exchange of information many organisations are now building enterprise systems, also known as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Enterprise software models mechanise many of the business processes, such as filling an order, or planning a shipment, with the objective of integrating information across the organisation and getting rid of complex, highly priced connections between computer systems in various areas of the business. The flawless stream of information which was previously uneven throughout the organisation can now be sent throughout the various departments seamlessly. The system will collect data from a range of sources within the business process and accumulate them in a single comprehensive data repository where it can be retrieved by other departments of the business. For the managers it means that information is attained in a precise and timely manner. Enterprise systems can improve organisational effectiveness and efficiency, help the managers in the decision making process the difficulties are that the system is extremely complex and difficult to construct. Organisations will need to restructure their business practices to improve how information flows throughout the organisation. In reviewing their practices employees need to be trained to use the system and take on new responsibilities. Enterprise systems require intricate pieces of software and large investments of time, money, and expertise. 5.1 Industrial Networks Some companies are extending their enterprise systems beyond their internal enviroment to share information and synchronise their business practices and proccesses with other other businesses withing their industry. Industrial Networks can also be known as Extended Enterprises, connect together the enterprise systems of businesses within an entire industry. â€Å"For instance, Proctor and Gamble (PG), the worlds largest consumer goods company, have been developing and integrated industry -wide system that coordinatesthe grocery store point-of-sale systems with grocery store warehouses, shippers, its own manufacturing facilities, and its suppliers of raw materials. The single industry-spanning system effectively allows PG to moniter the movement of all its products from raw materials to customer purchase† (Laudon Laudon. 2001)[4] 6. Discussion Depending on the type of business the organisation may have several different types of Information Systems. For Example: An Accounts firm whose main activity is the collation of figures, with a large volume of clients would have various different departments working off a mainframe. Each department within the organisation will have various different levels of access to the centralised computer system. The Human Resource department will have access to the files of the employees working for the company but would not have access to the clients business records. The accountants working for the firm have access to the clients files but do not have access to the files of the employees. Because there are different interests in a firm no single system can give all the information an organisation requires. Information Systems can be made to provide different organisational interests. The use of these systems can provide an organisation with a strategic competitive advantage although unless a business can keep up with technological advances competitors may in fact remove the advantage an organisation has worked hard to retain. 7. Conclusion This report is titled â€Å"Information Management Systems that support organisations† But in order to appreciate what an Information system and integration can do for an organisation it was worthwhile to investigate the value of information. The advantages to organisations are clear raw data processed through Transaction Report Systems and reports are generated to the specifications required for managers. Knowledge Work Systems which is specialised system creating new information operated by professional employees. Organisations and information influence each other. Information systems must be aligned to provide information that is important to each department in the organisation. In order for the organisation to work efficiently and effectively it must be open to the influence of the Information Systems. Keeping abreast of new technologies will essential for organisations in order to sustain competitive advantage. Interaction between information technologies is complex and is influenced by interceding issues, including the structure of the organisation, operating procedures, culture, politics, internal and external environment, and managers decision making. Unless it is understood that Information system changes life in the organisation, they are unable to successfully design new systems or understand active systems within the organisation. Within the organisation managers will decide what systems will be built, what they will do, and how the implantation of the systems will occur. However the cost involved in building Information Management Systems has to take into consideration but can any organisation afford to be without one.